今天講解一下化工廢水處理生物技術，隨著社會、經濟的不斷發展，人們生活水平逐漸提高，對環境保護的意識也隨之加強。在經濟條件、科學技術發展迅猛的今天，人們已經開始利用一些技術方法來緩解當前環境污染帶給人們生活上的壓力。而環境污染的元兇——化工廢水嚴重污染水環境，破壞生態系統平衡，違背了持續發展理念，是影響經濟可持續發展和社會和諧穩定的“攔路虎”。

化(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)中含有(you)許多有(you)害(hai)物(wu)質(zhi)包括氰化(hua)物(wu)、重金屬、汞(gong)、蛋(dan)白質(zhi)等，采用傳(chuan)統工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)處(chu)理化(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)除了難度(du)大(da)，效率(lv)低，費時費力，處(chu)理成本過高(gao)以(yi)外，其處(chu)理效果并不是特別理想，一次(ci)凈(jing)化(hua)污水(shui)后仍有(you)污染物(wu)質(zhi)殘留，可(ke)能會產生二次(ci)污染。因此，開發低成本化(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)處(chu)理的(de)(de)新工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和新技術成為目前科研界研究(jiu)的(de)(de)重點話題(ti)之一。

化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廢水處(chu)理(li)經過近幾十年的(de)(de)發展(zhan)逐漸形(xing)成多種(zhong)新技(ji)術(shu)新工(gong)藝。通過生物(wu)技(ji)術(shu)治(zhi)理(li)廢水，主要(yao)原理(li)是利用(yong)微生物(wu)的(de)(de)降(jiang)解作(zuo)用(yong)，簡而言之就是建立(li)在酶(mei)促(cu)反應基礎上的(de)(de)生物(wu)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應。酶(mei)作(zuo)為一種(zhong)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)其(qi)實質是活性(xing)蛋(dan)白，采(cai)用(yong)生物(wu)酶(mei)作(zuo)為廢水處(chu)理(li)劑(ji)在常溫常壓下即(ji)可(ke)進行催化(hua)(hua)反應。因此多數情況下采(cai)用(yong)生物(wu)技(ji)術(shu)治(zhi)理(li)污(wu)染物(wu)對環境的(de)(de)要(yao)求并(bing)不(bu)嚴(yan)苛，可(ke)就地處(chu)理(li)。

采用生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)又可(ke)以(yi)具(ju)體(ti)可(ke)為(wei)(wei)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)降(jiang)解技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)(he)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)降(jiang)解技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)兩(liang)種(zhong)類型。前者(zhe)又可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)活性污泥法與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)法。目前使用較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)固定(ding)(ding)酶(mei)(mei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。固定(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)酶(mei)(mei)又叫水(shui)(shui)不溶性酶(mei)(mei)，主要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)吸附(fu)的(de)(de)辦法使酶(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)(he)固態不溶性載體(ti)結合起來，從而(er)分離水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)有害物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。固定(ding)(ding)細胞技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)固定(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)化(hua)(hua)學的(de)(de)手段甄(zhen)選(xuan)分離出針(zhen)對(dui)特(te)定(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)具(ju)有高(gao)效降(jiang)解功(gong)能的(de)(de)特(te)種(zhong)菌株，并通(tong)過(guo)(guo)基因工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)克隆(long)出來特(te)種(zhong)菌株進(jin)行(xing)(xing)固定(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)，使其保(bao)持(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活性并重(zhong)復多次(ci)利用。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)法是(shi)指廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)相接(jie)觸(chu)，廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)有機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)被(bei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)吸附(fu)和(he)(he)(he)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)降(jiang)解技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)則是(shi)是(shi)利用廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在無氧(yang)(yang)環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)與(yu)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)反(fan)應，將廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)有機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)甲(jia)烷和(he)(he)(he)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳的(de)(de)原理(li)(li)(li)。多數工(gong)業廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)污染物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)固化(hua)(hua)酶(mei)(mei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)或(huo)(huo)固化(hua)(hua)細胞技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)治理(li)(li)(li)。采用生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)具(ju)有成本(ben)低廉(lian)、操作管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，但微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)溫度、PH值、營養環(huan)境(jing)等生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)要素需要一定(ding)(ding)要求，因此使用生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)某(mou)些指定(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)難度比較(jiao)(jiao)大，單一采用生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)效果并不是(shi)特(te)別理(li)(li)(li)想(xiang)。

化工廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生物技(ji)術(shu)處(chu)理(li)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)的基(ji)礎(chu)上還(huan)可(ke)以使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)膜分(fen)離(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)半滲透(tou)膜只能使(shi)(shi)水(shui)通過但不能使(shi)(shi)水(shui)中分(fen)子(zi)和溶質通過的物理(li)特性來(lai)進行分(fen)離(li)(li)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，對化工廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)膜分(fen)離(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)可(ke)以有效分(fen)離(li)(li)水(shui)中懸浮物和有機(ji)物質。近年來(lai)膜分(fen)離(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)逐(zhu)漸得到開發與應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，缺點是半滲透(tou)膜單(dan)一性強，并(bing)且成(cheng)本(ben)較高，容易產生二次污染(ran)。

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